ABSTRACT
<p><b>Objective</b>To explore the inhibitory effect of genistein (GEN) on the proliferation of VCaP castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>VCaP CRPC cells were treated with GEN at the concentrations of 0, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L for 24, 48, and 72 hours followed by determination of their proliferation by CCK-8 assay and their cycle by flow cytometry. The expression of Ki-67 in the cells was detected by immunocytochemistry and the levels of PSA, Cyclin D1, PCNA, and P53 determined by Western blot.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After 72 hours of treatment with GEN at 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μmol/L, the inhibition rates of the VCaP cells were (25.38±0.02)%, (31.14±0.29)%, (45.27±0.03)%, (52.19±0.05)%, and (68.21±0.19)%, respectively, all significantly higher than in the 0 μmol/L group (［10.08±0.02］%)(P<0.05). GEN caused the arrest of the VCaP cells in the G2/M phase (P<0.05) and inhibited the expression of Ki-67. The expressions of PSA, Cyclin D1, and PCNA were gradually down-regulated while that of P53 up-regulated with the increased concentration of GEN (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>GEN inhibits the proliferation of VCaP CRPC cells by arresting the cell cycle with related protein expression changes.</p>
ABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Dry eye patients suffer from all kinds of symptoms. Sometimes, the clinical signs evaluation does not disclose any obvious difference in routine examination; in vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) is a powerful tool for ocular surface disease. This study aimed to clarify meibomian gland (MG) alterations in dry eye patients with different symptoms and to compare the findings using IVCM.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of sixty patients were recruited, all subjected to Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) and Salisbury Eye Evaluation Questionnaire (SEEQ), and questionnaires for the assessment of dry eye symptoms before clinical sign examinations were given to the patients. Finally, IVCM was applied to observe MG's structure. Statistical analysis was performed using the t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Spearman correlation analysis. The differences were statistically significant when P< 0.05.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the severe symptom group, OSDI and SEEQ scores were significantly higher (P< 0.05) compared with the mild symptoms group. All other clinical sign examinations had no statistical difference in the two groups (P> 0.05). However, all the IVCM-observed data showed that patients with severe symptoms had more significant fibrosis in MG (acinar unit area 691.87 ± 182.01 μm2 for the severe, 992.17 ± 170.84 μm2 for the mild; P< 0.05) and severer decrease in the size of MG acinar units than those observed in patients with mild symptoms (MG acinar unit density [MGAUD] 70.08 ± 18.78 glands/mm2, MG acinar unit longest diameter [MGALD] 51.50 ± 15.51 μm, MG acinar unit shortest diameter [MGASD] 20.30 ± 11.85 μm for the severe, MGAUD 89.53 ± 39.88 glands/mm2, MGALD 81.57 ± 21.14 μm, MGASD 42.37 ± 14.55 μm for the mild;P< 0.05). Dry eye symptoms were negatively correlated with MG confocal microscopic parameters and positively correlated with conjunctival inflammatory cells and Langerhans cells (P< 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>IVCM application provides a strong support to differentiate dry eye patients with different symptoms: meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) plays a pivotal role in dry eye aggravation, and using IVCM to observe MG fibrosis, changes in size and density of MG as well as status of inflammation cells can help not only correctly diagnose the type and severity of dry eye, but also possibly prognosticate in routine eye examination in the occurrence of MGD.</p>